La alimientación y la composición de la leche en explotaciones gallegas

El contenido de urea en leche, de facil determinacion en los laboratories interprofesionales de leche, puede ser de uso generalizado como herramienta de diagnostico de la alimentacion de vacas lecheras en Galicia. Se revisan trabajos que relacionan la urea en la leche y en sangre con la produccion de leche por vaca y con la reproduccion del rebano. Un aspecto importante hoy es la relacion del nivel de urea en leche con el medio ambiente. Se puede prevenir el exceso de aporte de N (detectado en la urea) en la alimentaci6n de ia vaca e incrementar la eficiencia del uso de este elemento por el animal, evitando contaminaciones. Se estudiaron, durante cuatro anos, 17 explotaciones lecheras gallegas, en visilas mensuales para controlar las raciones y las producciones de leche, individual y del rebano, para su analisis de urea en leche, realizado por el LIGAL, y los parametros de alimentacion, con visitas trimestrales en 14 de ellas. Se dispuso al final un total de datos de 1445 vacas de la raza Frisona-Holstein. Se contrasto la informacidn obtenida con la bibliografi'a revisada sobre el diagnostico de urea en leche. Se destaca la importancia del metabolismo de la proteina en la alimentacion del vacuno de leche, considerando los aportes de proteina a la vaca y su degradabihdad asi como su relacion con el aporte de energia en la racion, tanto en establo como en pastoreo. Se concluyo que el nivel de area en leche es un buen indicador del equilibrio entre la proteina y la energia de la racion, y, en consecuencia, una buena herramienta para establecer un manejo correcto de la alimentacion del ganado vacuno de leche

Determination of free radical scavenging activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of seven corn cultivars from the Southwest Maluku District, Indonesia

Sinay H, Mahulette F, YáñezJA. 2022. Determination of free radical scavenging activity, phenolicand flavonoid content of seven corn cultivars from the Southwest Maluku District, Indonesia.Biodiversitas 23:5974-5981.The variation of corn (Zea maysL.) kernel might be considered as a surrogate indicator of the phytochemical and bioactive content. This study aimed to determine the phenolics, flavonoids, and free radical scavenging activity of seven local corn cultivars from Kisar Island, Southwest Maluku District in Indonesia. Sample extraction was done by the maceration method. Flavonoid content wasdetermined using the Dowd method, and total phenolic content was performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Free radical scavenging activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging method. One-way ANOVA was performed with Duncan multiple range tests to assess the differences between corn seed cultivars, and p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. The results show that the total flavonoid content varied from 8.463 mg QE/mg (Putihcultivar) to 40.075 mg QE/mg (Kuning Dalamcultivar). Total polyphenol content also varied between 105.63 mg GAE/mg (Merah Delima Tongkol Putihcultivar) and 136.41 mg GAE/mg (Pulutcultivar). The antioxidant activity by DPPH assay determined that the seven local corn cultivars had IC50values that were similar to quercetin (used as control), some were even lower. The IC50value of the seven local corn cultivars ranged from 5.56 to 16.96 μg/mL, while quercetinhad an IC50value of 11.97 μg/mL. It was observed that theMerah Delima Tongkol Cokelat, Merah Delima Tongkol Putih,andPutihcultivars had comparable antioxidant activity to the control quercetin. TheMerah Darah, Kuning Genjah, andKuning Dalamcultivars exhibited a statistically significant higher antioxidant capacity than quercetin. These results can contribute to the selection of corn cultivars to harvest for commercial purposes and potential nutraceutical applications

Laser Cladding of Ni-WC Layers with Graded WC Content

AbstractCoating techniques using powder as added material can be adapted for the manufacture of composition gradients if a mixing unit is included in the powder feed system. As for the laser cladding technology, FGM can be obtained if mixing parameters are changed along the process. This work deals with the development of NiCrBSi layers with WC graded composition. The purpose is to obtain longitudinal compositional gradients within distances of millimeters along a laser scan. To accomplish this task, the capabilities and time delays in the feeding system are identified and analyzed. Preliminar tests on single cladding beads show results in reasonable agreement with expectations

Optimization of telescope scheduling - Algorithmic research and scientific policy

The use of very expensive facilities in Modern Astronomy has demonstrated the importance of automatic modes in the operation of large telescopes. As a consequence, several mathematical tools have been applied and developed to solve the (NP - hard) scheduling optimization problem: from simple heuristics to the more complex genetic algorithms or neural networks. In this work, the basic scheduling problem is translated into mathematical language and two main methods are used to solve it: neighborhood search methods and genetic algorithms; both of them are analysed. It is shown that the algorithms are sensitive to the scientific policy by means of the definition of the objective function ( F) and also by the assignment of scientific priorities to the projects. The definition of F is not trivial and requires a detailed discussion among the Astronomical Community

Clean Development Mechanism Projects in Latin America : beyond reducing CO2 (e) emissions. A case study in Chile

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was created to compensate underdeveloped countries for their contribution to mitigate climate change. Under these rules, those projects showing the lower cost, in terms of investment, for each tonne of CO2 (e) saved, will be the ones selected. However, even if this selection process seems quite rational, it can result in a suboptimal allocation of resources, when other impacts of these projects, also having to do with social welfare, are considered. This point is illustrated in this paper by comparing the financial cost of CER credits of two current CDM projects in Chile, the Santa Marta Landfill Gas Capture Project and the Corneche‐Los Guindos Methane Capture from Swine Manure Project, with that of a third, “virtual” project, the upgrading of the Renca Generation Plant in Santiago de Chile to a gas fired combined cycle (CCGT) Plant. Even if this third project is much less efficient in financial terms, it shows a very important ancillary benefit: its impact on human health. When this impact is introduced, the result, as expected, is a drastic change in the relative social profitability of the three projects

Clean Development Mechanism Projects in Latin America : beyond reducing CO2 (e) emissions. A case study in Chile

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was created to compensate underdeveloped countries for their contribution to mitigate climate change. Under these rules, those projects showing the lower cost, in terms of investment, for each tonne of CO2 (e) saved, will be the ones selected. However, even if this selection process seems quite rational, it can result in a suboptimal allocation of resources, when other impacts of these projects, also having to do with social welfare, are considered. This point is illustrated in this paper by comparing the financial cost of CER credits of two current CDM projects in Chile, the Santa Marta Landfill Gas Capture Project and the Corneche‐Los Guindos Methane Capture from Swine Manure Project, with that of a third, “virtual” project, the upgrading of the Renca Generation Plant in Santiago de Chile to a gas fired combined cycle (CCGT) Plant. Even if this third project is much less efficient in financial terms, it shows a very important ancillary benefit: its impact on human health. When this impact is introduced, the result, as expected, is a drastic change in the relative social profitability of the three projects

Integral valorization of Acacia dealbata wood in organic medium catalyzed by an acidic ionic liquid

In this work, a novel delignification process was proposed for the fractionation of invasive species such as Acacia dealbata wood. Organosolv process catalyzed with an acidic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate was evaluated to obtain cellulose-enriched solids and liquid fractions rich in hemicelluloses derived compounds and lignin. Under selected operating conditions (190 °C, 60% ethanol, 60 min of reaction time and 0.6 g 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate/g wood), high solubilization of lignin and hemicelluloses and cellulose recovery (87.5%, 88.7% and 88.3%, respectively), with a pulp yield of 43.1% were achieved. Moreover, 62.6 % of lignin was recovered by precipitation from the black liquor (composed mainly by 4.43 g xylose/L, 7.66 g furfural/L and 3.59 g acetic acid/L). In addition, enzymatic digestibility of delignified wood was also assayed. Overall, this work presents an alternative biorefinery scheme based in the use of environmentally friendly solvent and catalyst for selective fractionation of A. dealbata wood.The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Spanish “Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness” (Project CTQ2017- 82962-R) and from “Xunta de Galicia” (GRC ED431C 2018/47 and Centro Singular de Investigacion ´ Biom´edica “CINBIO”). These projects are partially funded by the FEDER Program of the European Union (“Unha maneira de facer Europa”). A. Romaní thanks BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000004) funded by European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 – Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio